Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Research Articles

ASO Visual Abstract: Simultaneous Co-surgeon Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator (DIEP) Flap Breast Reconstructions-Feasibility and Clinical Outcomes.

ASO Visual Abstract: Simultaneous Co-surgeon Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator (DIEP) Flap Breast Reconstructions-Feasibility and Clinical Outcomes.

Analysis of Vascular Anatomy in Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Flap

Abstract Objectives The deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flap is considered the gold standard in autologous breast reconstruction. One of the existing challenges of the procedure is maintaining a pedicle of suitable length and diameter for flap survival. In this study, we analyzed the vascular anatomy of bi-pedicle DIEP flap cases in terms of the vessel diameter, the rate of secondary venae comitantes, and pedicle length to determine the efficacy of microvascular anastomosis and venous drainage. Methods We retrospectively evaluated 108 patients who underwent immediate breast reconstruction using free bi-pedicle DIEP flaps between 2012 and 2019. The patient characteristics, diameters of the deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEA) and accompanying veins (DIEVs), DIEA pedicle length, vessel re-anastomosis rate, flap failure rate, and fat necrosis were recorded. Results Comparison of the right side and left side diameters and pedicle lengths obtained showed no significant differences (p > 0.05). A total of 148 sides (68.52%) of flaps had double venous drainage, whereas 68 sides (31.48%) of flaps had one. Vein congestion occurred in 5 cases, and all involved with just one DIEV anastomosis. No arterial occlusions were observed. Conclusions This is an analysis of extensive clinical data in terms of DIEA, DIEV, and pedicle length. The low vein congestion rate observed reveals adequate venous drainage was achieved in the DIEV system for DIEP reconstruction. Adequate deep inferior epigastric vessel pedicle length and vessel size, as well as greater than 60% of flaps with secondary DIEV, may allow comfortable microsurgery with reduced complications.

Robotic-assisted free flap harvesting for diverse soft tissue reconstruction: a PRISMA scoping review of clinical outcomes over the last decade.

The aim of our study was to assess the advantages and limitations of robotic technology in diverse reconstructive procedures. A scoping review was conducted in Oct'23, on published studies from 2013 to 2023, focussing on robotic-assisted free flap harvesting. Three databases Ovid-MEDLINE, Scopus, and PubMed were searched. Original research studies reporting robotic-assisted free flap harvest were included. Studies on lesion excision, microvascular anastomosis, local flap harvest, roboticassisted flap inset, review articles, abstract-only studies, non-English documents, and animal studies were excluded from this review. Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria out of a total of 318, searched initially. These studies included a total of 128 patients, who underwent robotic-assisted free flap harvest for the reconstruction of various defects, with 140 free flaps harvested. The most common flaps harvested by robotic technique were deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flap 120 (85.7%), radial forearm free (RFF) flap 11 (7.9%), latissimus dorsii flap 4 (2.9%), rectus abdominus flap 4 (2.9%), and omental flap 1 (0.7%). Breast reconstruction was the major procedure done i.e. 120 (85.7%) followed by head and neck 11 (7.9%) and limb defects 9 (6.4%) reconstruction procedures. The reported clinical outcomes were acceptable in all the studies with a 99% flap success rate and minimal complications. Variability in operating time was observed depending upon surgical steps undertaken with robotic systems. This scoping review highlights the role of robotic-assisted free flap harvesting in plastic surgery and its potential benefits on clinical outcomes, due to its high precision and minimal invasiveness. However, challenges like cost effectiveness, resource distribution and learning curve are there.

Abstract PO2-22-09: The impact of blood loss and blood pressure management in DIEP flap surgery– a retrospective analysis of 206 patients

Abstract Introduction: Autologous breast reconstruction using the deep inferior epigastric perforator flap has excellent success rates and a natural aesthetic result. Therefore, this method and its management are of great importance in modern oncoplastic surgery. In particular, women who have undergone radiation therapy after mastectomy benefit from this satisfactory and usually uncomplicated method of breast reconstruction. To achieve a desirable outcome, the effects of blood loss and blood pressure management may play an important role. In this analysis, we hypothesize that neither postoperative blood pressure management (using catecholamines) nor the amount of blood loss (defined by the median hemoglobin level difference) will worsen the surgical outcome or increase the complication rate. Patients and Methods: We performed a multicenter, multisurgeon retrospective analysis with the following primary end points: intraoperative blood loss and postoperative blood pressure management. Secondary endpoints included serious complications including flap loss and minor complications. Patients (n=194) were included from 2014-2018 at St. Antonius Hospital in Eschweiler and from 2016 to July 2018 at the Cologne Municipal Breast Cancer Center in Holweide. Patients underwent either unilateral (n=180) or bilateral (n=13) breast reconstructions with DIEP flaps, resulting in a total of n=206 cases. The subgroup regarding blood pressure management was defined by cohorts with or without catecholamine administration and included all n=206 cases. Blood loss was defined by median hemoglobin level difference and could be calculated in n=199 cases. The cohorts of the two subgroups were comparable. Results: Six flap losses were detected in a total of 206 cases (2.9%). The distribution of flap losses in the blood pressure management subgroup was not statistically significant (p=.67), while the test was not available for the blood loss subgroup. Furthermore, the analysis showed that there were no significant differences in the rates of overall complications related to the amount of blood loss intraoperatively (p= .06) or blood pressure management postoperatively (p= .19). Conclusion: DIEP flap surgery is a safe method for autologous breast reconstruction, independent of blood loss and blood pressure management. Citation Format: Hanna Fritsch, Cosima Schreiber, Wolfram Malter, Matthias Warm, Max Zinser, Alexander Bach, Christian Eichler. The impact of blood loss and blood pressure management in DIEP flap surgery– a retrospective analysis of 206 patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO2-22-09.

The value of microvascular breast reconstruction: Cost equivalence of TRAM and DIEP flaps implications in the era of CMS reforms.

Recent CMS billing changes have raised concerns about insurance coverage for deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap breast reconstruction. This study compared the costs and utilization of transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM), DIEP, and latissimus dorsi (LD) flaps in breast reconstruction. The study utilized the National Inpatient Sample database to identify female patients who underwent DIEP, TRAM, and LD flap procedures from 2016 to 2019. Key data such as patient demographics, length of stay, complications, and costs (adjusted to 2021 USD) were analyzed, focusing on differences across the flap types. A total of 17,770 weighted patient encounters were identified, with the median age being 51. The majority underwent DIEP flaps (73.5%), followed by TRAM (14.2%) and LD (12.1%) flaps. The findings revealed that DIEP and TRAM flaps had a similar length of stay (LOS), while LD flaps typically had a shorter LOS. The total hospital charges to costs using cost-to-charge ratio were also comparable between DIEP and TRAM flaps, whereas LD flaps were significantly less expensive. Factors such as income quartile, primary payer of hospitalization, and geographic region significantly influenced flap choice. The study's results appear to contradict the prevailing notion that TRAM flaps are more cost-effective than DIEP flaps. The total hospital charges to costs using cost-to-charge ratio and hospital stays associated with TRAM and DIEP flaps were found to be similar. These findings suggest that changes in the insurance landscape, which may limit the use of DIEP flaps, could undermine patient autonomy while not necessarily reducing healthcare costs. Such policy shifts could favor less costly options like the LD flap, potentially altering the landscape of microvascular breast reconstruction.

Minimally Invasive Robotic-assisted Perforator-to-Perforator DIEP Flap Breast Reconstruction.

Reducing morbidity has been the goal of many reconstructive microsurgery efforts. Several techniques have been described for deep inferior epigastric perforator flap breast reconstruction to minimize abdominal donor-site morbidity. Although these techniques have certain tradeoffs, we designed a minimally invasive robot-assisted perforator-to-perforator approach to achieve minimal donor- and recipient-site morbidity. Simultaneous identification of the deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEA) and internal mammary artery (IMA) perforator was performed, followed by a small fascial incision around the dominant DIEA perforator. The IMA perforator was prepared for a prepectoral anastomosis. The short DIEA pedicle was dissected without further longitudinal fascial incision until an adequate diameter compared with the IMA perforator was reached, and a robot-assisted perforator-to-perforator anastomosis was performed prepectorally. All patients underwent reconstruction performed by a single surgeon. The smallest abdominal incision was 2.5 cm with a DIEP pedicle length of 6 cm. The average IMA perforator diameter was 1.14 mm (1.0 mm-1.2 mm). The average vein diameter was 2.0 mm (1.5-3.0 mm). The incision to closure lasted 330 minutes (313-348 minutes). Flap ischemia was 105 minutes (82-118 minutes), whereas the time for robot-assisted anastomosis was 25 minutes (22-30 minutes). All anastomoses were performed successfully. Our initial experience with robot-assisted perforator-to-perforator anastomosis for DIEP flap breast reconstruction demonstrates promise in achieving minimal patient morbidity. Raising only a very short pedicle can be compensated by adding the prepectoral IMA perforator length and enabling a good size match for small-caliber anastomosis. This technique combines important aspects of most minimally invasive DIEP flap harvests and insets.

D157. Intraoperative Indocyanine Green Angiography for Detecting Quantitative Flap Perfusion Changes in Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Flap Breast Reconstruction with Second Venous Drainage

D157. Intraoperative Indocyanine Green Angiography for Detecting Quantitative Flap Perfusion Changes in Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Flap Breast Reconstruction with Second Venous Drainage

Assessing the prophylactic use of the superficial inferior epigastric vessels (SIEV) for the super – Drainage of deep inferior epigastric perforator flaps (DIEPS), correlated to patient demographic, anatomical and operative risk factors

Assessing the prophylactic use of the superficial inferior epigastric vessels (SIEV) for the super – Drainage of deep inferior epigastric perforator flaps (DIEPS), correlated to patient demographic, anatomical and operative risk factors

Evaluation of aesthetic results of microsurgical breast reconstruction with DIEP flap (literature review)

Purpose of a study: to explore the main methods of evaluating the aesthetic results of autologous breast reconstruction with a DIEP flap (deep inferior epigastric artery perforator), to identify the key factors influencing the aesthetic result of breast reconstruction.The scientific papers in the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, SCOPUS, Science Direct, RSCI for the period from 2013 to 2023 were analyzed. The systematic review includes articles evaluating the aesthetic result of breast reconstruction with a DIEP flap. The search was carried out by keywords: “breast”, “DIEP flap”, “aesthetic result”, “symmetry of breast”.As a result of the analysis, it was found that the evaluation of the aesthetic results of breast reconstruction is carried out using data of patient reported outcome measures, scales which is used to rate the surgeon’s perception of the aesthetic outcomes and quantitative objective measurements. The key factor influencing the aesthetic result of reconstruction is the symmetry of the breasts.Conclusion. The most commonly used methods for assessing the aesthetic results of breast reconstruction with a DIEP flap are: self-assessment of the results of reconstruction by patients (BREAST-Q questionnaire), evaluation of the results by surgeons (professional aesthetic assessment scales), quantitative objective methods for determining the degree of symmetry. According to many studies, symmetry is a critical factor affecting the aesthetics of the breasts and, consequently, patient satisfaction with the results of reconstruction, psychosocial well-being and quality of life in the long term.

Risk Factors for Skin Flap and Nipple-Areolar Necrosis in Patients Undergoing Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy With Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Flap Reconstruction.

Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) with deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap reconstruction is a surgical option for select patients with or at risk of breast cancer. However, post-operative skin flap and nipple-areolar complex (NAC) necrosis remain common complications. This study aimed to identify factors associated with necrosis in patients undergoing NSM with DIEP reconstruction. A retrospective cohort study was performed from 2015 to 2023. 74 variables were analyzed in patients undergoing NSM with DIEP. Patients were stratified into 3 groups based on post-operative skin/NAC necrosis: none, partial thickness, and full thickness. Comparative and descriptive statistics were performed via t-tests, ANOVA, and chi-squared tests. 34 women with 31 breast cancers met inclusion. 44% experienced necrosis: 15% partial thickness and 29% full thickness. The majority were white (85.3%) with mean age of 50 years (SD = 9.11). In patients with immediate DIEP reconstruction, hypoperfused areas identified by SPY angiography increased risk of necrosis (P = .012). Approximately 50% of both partial thickness and full thickness necrosis patients had concerns on SPY angiography. Former smokers in the full thickness necrosis group had more pack years than those without necrosis (9 vs .65 pack years, P = .035). In patients receiving NSM with DIEP flap reconstruction, those with hypoperfusion on SPY angiography and longer smoking history had higher necrosis rates. This supports the continued used of SPY angiography and the role of pre-operative counseling in former smokers with increased pack years on their risk of necrosis and the role of preventative measures in the perioperative setting.

PlasmaBlade versus Electrocautery for Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Flap Harvesting in Autologous Breast Reconstruction: A Comparative Clinical Outcome Study.

(1) Background: DIEP-based breast reconstruction necessitates wide undermining at the abdominal donor site, creating large wound areas. Flap harvesting is usually conducted using electrosurgical dissection devices. This study sought to compare the clinical outcomes in patients after using the PEAK PlasmaBlade (PPB) versus monopolar electrocautery (MPE). (2) Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 128 patients with DIEP-based breast reconstruction. Patient characteristics and information on the postoperative course were collected and a comparative evaluation was conducted. (3) Results: The MPE group exhibited significantly (p* = 0.0324) higher abdominal drainage volume (351.11 ± 185.96 mL) compared to the PPB group (279.38 ± 183.38 mL). A subgroup analysis demonstrated that PPB significantly reduced postoperative wound fluid in patients with BMI > 30 kg/m2 (p* = 0.0284), without prior neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p** = 0.0041), and among non-smokers (p = 0.0046). Furthermore, postoperative pain was significantly (p**** < 0.0001) lower in the PPB cohort. (4) Conclusions: This study confirms the non-inferiority of the PEAK PlasmaBlade to conventional electrocautery for abdominal flap harvesting. The PPB demonstrated advantages, notably reduced drainage volume and lower postoperative pain levels. Recognizing patient subsets that benefit more from the PPB highlights the importance of personalized device selection based on patient characteristics.

Simultaneous Co-surgeon Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator (DIEP) Flap Breast Reconstructions: Feasibility and Clinical Outcomes.

A co-surgeon model is known to be favorable in microvascular breast reconstruction, but simultaneous co-surgeon deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap cases have not been well-studied. The authors hypothesize that performing two simultaneous co-surgeon bilateral DIEP flap reconstructions results in non-inferior clinical outcomes and may improve patient access to care. A single-institution, retrospective cohort study was performed utilizing record review to identify all cases of co-surgeon free-flap breast reconstructions over a 38-month period. Patients who underwent simultaneous bilateral DIEP flap breast reconstructions with the same two co-surgeons were identified. The control group consisted of subjects who underwent non-simultaneous reconstruction by the same co-surgeons within the same, preceding, or following month of those in the study group. Primary outcome variables were 90-day postoperative complications, while secondary outcomes were operating time, ischemia time, and length of stay. Descriptive statistics, univariate and multivariable regression analyses were performed. Overall, 137 subjects were identified and 64 met the inclusion criteria (n=28 study, n=36 control). There were no statistically significant differences between groups in body mass index, radiation, trainee experience, flap perforator number, immediate/delayed reconstruction, or length of stay. There were also no statistically significant differences in complications, including flap loss, anastomosis revision, take-back to the operating room, or re-admission. Operative time was longer in the simultaneous DIEP group (540.5 vs. 443.5 min, p<0.01), but ischemia time was shorter in the simultaneous group (64.0 vs. 80.5min, p<0.01). A simultaneous co-surgeon approach to bilateral DIEP flap reconstruction may improve access to care and does not result in a higher complication rate compared with non-simultaneous bilateral DIEP flaps.

The usefulness of artificial intelligence in breast reconstruction: a systematic review.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers an approach to predictive modeling. The model learns to determine specific patterns of undesirable outcomes in a dataset. Therefore, a decision-making algorithm can be built based on these patterns to prevent negative results.This systematic review aimed to evaluate the usefulness of AI in breast reconstruction. A systematic review was conducted in August 2022 following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar online databases were queried to capture all publications studying the use of artificial intelligence in breast reconstruction. A total of 23 studies were full text-screened after removing duplicates, and twelve articles fulfilled our inclusion criteria. The Machine Learning algorithms applied for neuropathic pain, lymphedema diagnosis, microvascular abdominal flap failure, donor site complications associated to muscle sparing Transverse Rectus Abdominis flap, surgical complications, financial toxicity, and patient-reported outcomes after breast surgery demonstrated that AI is a helpful tool to accurately predict patient results. In addition, one study used Computer Vision technology to assist in Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Artery detection for flap design, considerably reducing the preoperative time compared to manual identification. In breast reconstruction, AI can help the surgeon by optimizing the perioperative patients' counseling to predict negative outcomes, allowing execution of timely interventions and reducing the postoperative burden, which leads to obtaining the most successful results and improving patient satisfaction.

Social Determinants of Health and Patient-reported Outcomes Following Autologous Breast Reconstruction, Using Insurance as a Proxy.

Insurance type can serve as a surrogate marker for social determinants of health and can influence many aspects of the breast reconstruction experience. We aimed to examine the impact of insurance coverage on patients reported outcomes with the BREAST-Q (patient reported outcome measure for breast reconstruction patients, in patients receiving) in patients receiving deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flap breast reconstruction. We retrospectively examined patients who received DIEP flaps at our institution from 2010 to 2019. Patients were divided into categories by insurance: commercial, Medicaid, or Medicare. Demographic factors, surgical factors, and complication data were recorded. Descriptive statistics, Fisher's exact, Kruskal-Wallis rank sum tests, and generalized estimating equations were performed to identify associations between insurance status and five domains of the BREAST-Q Reconstructive module. A total of 1,285 patients were included, of which 1,011 (78.7%) had commercial, 89 (6.9%) had Medicaid, and 185 (14.4%) had Medicare insurances. Total flap loss rates were significantly higher in the Medicare and Medicaid patients as compared to commercial patients; however, commercial patients had a higher rate of wound dehiscence as compared to Medicare patients. With all other factors controlled for, patients with Medicare had lower Physical Well-being of the Chest (PWBC) than patients with commercial insurance (β = - 3.1, 95% confidence interval (CI): -5.0, -1.2, p = 0.002). There were no significant associations between insurance classification and other domains of the BREAST-Q. Patients with government-issued insurance had lower success rates of autologous breast reconstruction. Further, patients with Medicare had lower PWBC than patients with commercial insurance regardless of other factors, while other BREAST-Q metrics did not differ. Further investigation as to the causes of such variation is warranted in larger, more diverse cohorts.

Nipple-areolar complex malposition in breast reconstruction after nipple-sparing mastectomy: a multi-institutional retrospective observational study in Japan.

Position of the nipple-areolar complex (NAC) is an important factor in the esthetic impression of the breast, and NAC malposition is often an issue in breast reconstruction after nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degree of NAC malposition depending on several factors using data quantified with the Mamma Balance application (Medic Engineering K.K., Kyoto, Japan). Patients who underwent unilateral breast reconstruction after NSM at eight hospitals in Japan between 2007 and 2020 were retrospectively investigated. Using Mamma Balance, NAC malposition was quantified separately in horizontal and vertical directions using patient photographs from pre-operatively and 6-24months post-operatively. The degree of malpositioning was then statistically compared using various factors. The NAC deviated more cranially and medially with implants than that with flaps. Cases with latissimus dorsi flap showed lateral malposition more often than cases with deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap. With flaps, lateral incisions showed more lateral malposition, and peri-areolar incisions tended to show more medial NAC malposition. In cases with severe post-operative infection of the implant, the NAC tended to deviate cranially. In radiation cases, the NAC deviated cranially. No significant difference was observed according to the degree of breast ptosis or use of the pull-down operation. Only a very weak correlation was observed between a larger amount of mastectomy and more cranial NAC malposition with both flaps and implants. This study provides insights into the tendencies and characteristics of NAC malposition.

The influence of a previous implant-based breast reconstruction on postoperative sensation of the deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap

BackgroundImplants and DIEP flaps have different outcomes regarding postoperative breast sensation. When compared to the preoperative healthy breast, implant-based breast reconstruction (IBBR) negatively influences postoperative breast sensation. However, it is currently unknown whether a prior IBBR also influences postoperative sensation of a replacing DIEP flap. The goal of this cohort study is to evaluate the influence of an IBBR on the postoperative sensation of a replacing DIEP flap.MethodsWomen were included if they received a DIEP flap reconstruction after mastectomy, with or without prior tissue expander (TE) and/or definitive breast implant. Sensation was measured at four intervals in 9 areas of the breast with Semmes–Weinstein monofilaments: T0 (preoperative, implant/no reconstruction), T1 (2–7 months postoperative, DIEP), T2 (± 12 months postoperative, DIEP), Tmax (maximum follow-up, DIEP). Linear mixed-effects models were used to investigate the relationship between an implant/TE prior to the DIEP flap and recovery of breast sensation.Results142 women comprising 206 breasts were included. 48 (23.3%) breasts did, and 158 (76.7%) breasts did not have a TE/IBBR prior to their DIEP. No statistically significant or clinically relevant relationships were found between a prior implant/TE and recovery of DIEP flap breast sensation for the flap skin, native skin, or total breast skin at T1, T2, or Tmax. There were also no relationships found after adjustment for the confounders radiation therapy, BMI, diabetes, age, flap weight, follow-up, and nerve coaptation.ConclusionsAn implant/TE prior to a DIEP flap does not influence the recovery of postoperative breast sensation of the DIEP flap.

Continuing Insurance Coverage for Flap-Based Breast Reconstruction: Is There a Reservation Cost Related to a Woman's Abdominal Flap Choice?

The recent proposed alterations to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services regulations, although subsequently reversed on August 21, 2023, have engendered persistent concerns regarding the impact of insurance policies on breast reconstruction procedures coverage. This study aimed to identify factors that would influence women's preferences regarding autologous breast reconstruction to better understand the possible consequences of these coverage changes. A survey of adult women in the United States was conducted via Amazon Mechanical Turk to assess patient preferences for breast reconstruction options, specifically deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) and transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap surgery. The Cochrane-Armitage test evaluated trends in flap preferences concerning incremental out-of-pocket payment increases. Of 500 total responses, 485 were completed and correctly answered a verification question to ensure adequate attention to the survey, with respondents having a median (interquartile range) age of 26 (25-39) years. When presented with the advantages and disadvantages of DIEP versus TRAM flaps, 78% of respondents preferred DIEP; however, as DIEP's out-of-pocket price incrementally rose, more respondents favored the cheaper TRAM option, with $3804 being the "indifference point" where preferences for both procedures converged (P < 0.001). Notably, respondents with a personal history of breast reconstruction showed a higher preference for DIEP, even at a $10,000 out-of-pocket cost (P = 0.04). Out-of-pocket cost can significantly influence women's choices for breast reconstruction. These findings encourage a reevaluation of emergent insurance practices that could potentially increase out-of-pocket costs associated with DIEP flaps, to prevent cost from decreasing equitable patient access to most current reconstructive options.

Optimizing Aesthetic Outcomes in Autologous Breast Reconstruction: 20 Pearls for Practice.

Autologous breast reconstruction with a deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flap is an excellent option for many patients proceeding with mastectomy for surgical management of their breast cancer. As microsurgical techniques and results improve and ensure consistent flap survival, optimizing aesthetic outcomes may become a primary focus. This article outlines 20 tips that can improve aesthetic results in DIEP flap breast reconstruction, based on our senior author's 8-year career in microsurgical breast reconstruction, with an emphasis on enhanced cosmesis. We highlight tips on preoperative planning, intraoperative, and revision stages of the reconstruction and provide a schematic for integrating the tips into a reader's microsurgical breast reconstruction practice.

Outpatient Prescription Opioid Use following Discharge after Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Breast Reconstruction with and without an Educational Intervention.

There is limited evidence for appropriate postoperative opioid prescribing in autologous breast reconstruction. We sought to describe postoperative outpatient prescription opioid use following discharge after deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) breast reconstruction with and without an educational video. Patients undergoing DIEP reconstruction were given a 28-day postoperative pain and medication logbook from August 2022 to June 2023. Our practice implemented an educational video upon discharge on proper opioid consumption. Descriptive statistics on patient characteristics, intraoperative and postoperative opioid consumption, and outpatient prescription opioid use after discharge were compared between the two cohorts. A total of 53 logbooks were completed with 20 patients in the no video cohort and 33 in the video cohort. On average, the days to cessation of opiates was longer in the no video cohort (8.2 vs. 5.1 days, p = 0.003). The average number of oxycodone 5 mg equivalents consumed following discharge was 13.8 in the no video cohort and 7.8 in the video cohort, which was statistically significant (p = 0.01). Overall, the percentage of opioids prescribed that were consumed in the video cohort was 28.3% versus 67.1% in the no video cohort. For patients discharging home after DIEP reconstruction, we recommend a prescription for 12 oxycodone 5 mg tablets. With the use of an educational video regarding proper opioid consumption, we were able to reduce the total outpatient opioid use to 5 oxycodone 5 mg tablets following hospital discharge.

Longitudinal Volume Assessment of Reconstructed Breast Using Three-Dimensional Measurement: How Do DIEP and LD Flap Change Immediately after Surgery?

Abstract Background The deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) and latissimus dorsi (LD) flaps are two widely used autologous breast reconstructions. Despite studies on flap-volume changes, the time of the first measurement is not immediately after surgery. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the change in volume over time from the immediate postoperative period using a three-dimensional (3D) scanner. Methods Patients who underwent breast reconstruction with a DIEP or LD flap between October 2019 and December 2020 at Showa University Koto Toyosu Hospital were included. The Kinect 3D scanner was used to measure the reconstructed and healthy breast volumes immediately after surgery and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. The control group was the healthy side, and the volumes obtained at each time point and ratios (to the immediate postoperative period) were calculated and analyzed using a linear mixed model. Results Of the 25 patients and 26 breasts examined, the postoperative increase in volume ratios was statistically significant in the DIEP flap group, except for the sixth month, but decreased significantly in the LD group. Compared with the control group, the volume ratio was significantly higher up to 3 months in the DIEP flap group and decreased significantly after 3 months in the LD flap group. Conclusions The volume of the LD flap continued to decrease immediately after surgery, whereas the volume of the DIEP flap increased by 10% up to 1M. Therefore, this increase in volume should be taken into consideration in studies where the initial measurements were not taken immediately after surgery.